摘要:低温胁迫是世界范围内影响植物产量和品质的主要非生物胁迫。植物抗寒生理生态研究是比较活跃和发展很快的领域。 文章综述了提高植物抗寒性机理的研究进展。大量科学研究和生产实践表明,气象因素与植物自身因素是影响植物抗寒性的 关键因素,前者主要是温度、光周期和水分,后者主要是植物的遗传学基础、生长时期、发育水平以及低温胁迫下细胞的抗氣化 能力。保证植物抗寒基因充分表达对提高植物抗寒性有重要意义。植物抗寒性的遗传机制与调控主要通过5条路径实现:丰 富多样的植物低温诱导蛋白,低温转录因子DREB/CBF可同时调控多个植物低温诱导基因的表达,DREB/CBF与辅助因子相 互作用调控下游基因表达,Ca2+、ABA及蛋白质磷酸化上游调控低温诱导基因表达,以及不饱和脂肪酸酶基因的表达。基因工 程改良植物抗寒性已获重要进展,但距产业化尚有许多开创性的工作要做,目前主要通过导入抗寒调控基因和抗寒功能基因而 实现,后者主要是导入抗渗透胁迫相关基因、抗冻蛋白基因、脂肪酸去饱和代谢关键酶基因、SOD等抗氣化系统的基因以及与植 物激素调节有关的基因。衣林技术对提高植物抗寒性有重大实用价值,其中的不少技术蕴涵着深刻的科学机理,重点评述了抗 寒育种、抗砧嫁接、抗寒锻炼、水肥耦合及化学诱导五大技术提高植物抗寒性的作用机理。展望了提高植物抗寒性的研究。
关键词:植物;低温胁迫;提高抗寒性;机理;研究进展
Research progress on the mechanism of improving plant cold hardiness
Abstract I Low temperature stress is a worldwide major abiotic stress affecting plant yield and quality. Plant physiological ecology of cold hardiness research is a more active and fast growing field. In this paper, advances of study on the mechanism of improving plant cold hardiness was reviewed. Scientific research and production practice have showed that meteorological factors and/or factors of plant itself are the key factors affecting plant cold hardiness/ the former is mainly temperature, photoperiod and water/ while the latter is mainly plant genetic basis, growth period, development level and cell antioxidant capacity under low temperature stress. Ensuring fully expression of genes of plant cold hardiness is of important significance on improving plant cold hardiness. Genetic mechanism and regulation of plant cold hardiness are mainly through 5 paths to achieve, respectively : the rich diversity of low temperature induced plant proteins / low temperature transcription factor DREB/CBF can simultaneously control a plurality of expression of genes cold induced in plants; interactions of DREB/CBF and cofactor regulate expression of downstream genes; Ca2+, ABA and protein phosphorylation regulate gene expression induced by low temperature in the upstream; and the expression of genes of unsaturated fatty acid synthase. Genetic engineering to improve plant cold hardiness has been significant progress, but from the industrialization has still a lot of pioneering work to do. Currently, genetic engineering of improving plant cold hardiness are mainly through the introduction of regulatory genes and/or functional genes, the latter is mainly the introduction of genes
related to osmotic stress resistance, genes of antifreeze proteins, genes of fatty acid desaturation metabolism key enzyme, genes of SOD and other antioxidant system component, as well as genes involved in the regulation of plant hormone. Agricultural and forestry technologies to improve plant cold hardiness have important practical value, many of them are of profound scientific mechanism, im which we focused on the mechanism of 5 main technologies improving plant cold hardiness, respectively : cold hardiness breeding, grafting, cold acclimation, the coupling of water and fertilizer and chemical induction. The prospect of future research on improving cold resistance of plant was discussed.
Key Words I plant/ low temperature stress/ improving cold hardiness/ mechanism/ research progress
早期关于植物抗寒机理的研究,主要是从比较冷敏感植物和抗冷植物或抗寒锻炼植物和未经抗寒锻炼植 物的实验设计入手,从水分平衡、碳水化合物、氨基酸、核酸、蛋白质水平,细胞壁特性、原生质膜和细胞器的结 构及其功能、生长调节物质的作用、膜脂去饱和作用等方面进行实验分析。结果表明,植物抗寒性提高与可溶 性糖、膜磷脂、脯氨酸,特别是脱落酸、膜脂肪酸不饱和度的增加或多少有关,且保持生物膜系统功能、结构的 稳定性是保持和提高植物抗寒性的基础。在20世纪七八十年代,较多的研究工作是关于生物膜保护系统的 组分含量和活性与植物寒冻害及抗寒锻炼后植物抗寒能力提高的关系,以及蛋白质在植物抗寒锻炼前后的变 化,在揭示膜保护系统、冷诱导特异蛋白的变化与植物抗寒性形成的关系方面获得较大进展1。20世纪90 年代以来,生物技术迅猛发展并向生命科学的各领域迅速渗透,使得研究某_关键物质与植物抗寒性调节的 因果关系,特别是研究低温胁迫信号如何被转导,进而调节相应的生理生化的研究成为可能。因此,近些年本 领域的研究越来越多地采用分子生物学和转基因技术,根据以前的实验结果和理论研究某些重要物质或发现 新的物质及其与植物抗寒性调控之间的关系,初步描绘了植物低温信号转导的网络架构,克隆了一些与调节 植物抗寒性密切相关的基因,在植物抗寒基因工程方面进行了不少探索。迄今,在不同阶段和方向上取得的 成果均有价值,包括通过育种、嫁接、施肥等农艺技术提高植物抗寒性。然而,植物抗寒性是微效多基因控制 的数量性状,具有复杂属性,有很多课题尚未解决或者还没有得到令人信服的结果。本文综述提高植物抗寒 性的机理研究进展。 |
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